渗滤液污染羽中污染物和氧化还原灵敏性物质的分布

通过砂箱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液污染羽中的氧化还原分带以及污染物和氧化还原灵敏性物质在其中的分布和变化特点.结果表明,污染物和氧化还原灵敏性物质的分布和变化受氧化还原环境的影响,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带、铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带等4个氧化还原带中Eh分别为-148.2、-95.4、30.6和223.2 mV.pH分别为7.13、6.49、6.38和6.21,电导率分别为211.4、55.2、29.4和17.8 mS/m.产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带有利于乙苯、二甲苯、苯、甲苯和三氯乙烯等多数有机物的降解,其沉积物对大多数重金属具有较好的富集作用,除As和Cd外,Cr、Ni、Ph和Zn的含量最高分别为28.2J、11.58、9.05和23.5 mg/kg.CO2、硫化物、HCO-;、NH4 、TOC、Fe2 、NO2-;和SO42-等物质的浓度随离污染源距离增加而降低.     

金属掺杂二氧化钛光催化还原硝酸氮

采用光沉积法制备了负载金属Fe或Cu的P25二氧化钛光催化剂,用TEM、ICP、XRD及UV-Vis等对其进行了表征,并测定其在20 W紫外灯照射下光催化还原硝酸氮、去除总氮的效果;考察了pH值、搅拌气体、金属的负载量、空穴清除剂甲酸的用量以及金属Ag-Cu复合沉积等条件的影响.反应2 h的结果表明,二氧化钛上载铜量增加,硝酸氮转化率随之增加,但最大总氮去除率和氮气选择性均出现在0.5%Cu负载量下;氮气搅拌和酸性条件下反应,形成氮气的选择性略低(62%),但最高的硝酸氮转化率和总氮去除率分别达到36.9%和23.2%;CO2作为搅拌气体.Cu的负载量为0.5%、甲酸用量为0.06 mol/L时.形成氮气选择性最好(88.4%).硝酸氮转化率和总氮去除率分别为29.5%和25.1%.同样条件下,采用二氧化钛上共沉积金属总质量分数为1%、Ag:Cu=1:1的催化剂,硝酸氮的转化率可达48.1%,总氮去除率为34.2%,氮气选择性为72.2%.     

北京市畜禽粪便土地利用适宜性分析

以北京市为研究区域,基于GIS下采用权重线性加和模型(WLC),综合自然、环境、社会和经济等多因子.对北京市畜禽粪便土地利用的适宜性进行了定量分析.结果表明,北京市10个郊区县适合施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积为1605.3 km2,占耕地总面积的35.3%,主要分布在北京市的南部、东南部和中部地区.聚类分析将全市郊区划分为东南部、北部、西南部和中部4个区域.东南部和中部远郊平原区比较适合发展畜禽养殖业,目前的养殖量与最大承载量之间尚存在一定空间;但是由于城镇化的加快,可施用粪便的农田与居民区的安全距离成为影响粪便施用的主要因素,需要结合有效的管理措施以避免畜禽粪便土地利用的污染风险.北部和西南部远郊低山丘陵区应适度控制畜禽养殖业的发展,由于北部区县(延庆、怀柔、密云和平谷)河流密集,并分布有北京市的主要地表水源,故与水体的安全距离对该地区的耕地施用粪便有重要影响;应控制和减少土壤沙化及水土流失,同时建立滨岸缓冲带来控制畜禽粪便土地利用对水体的进一步污染,以达到经济发展和环境保护的双重目的.     

超声波/铁-炭微电解协同降解苯酚

采用超声波/铁-炭微电解联用体系,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了苯酚溶液初始pH值、初始浓度、铁屑与活性炭投加量等因素对联用体系降解苯酚效果的影响.结果表明:考察范围内,苯酚降解率随其初始浓度和溶液初始pH值的增加而降低,随铁屑与活性炭投加量的增加而升高.当苯酚初始浓度由50mg·L-1增至270mg·L-1,溶液初始pH值由3.0增至9.0时,降解率分别由91.3%和78.4%降至34.7%和50.7%;铁屑投加量为每L苯酚溶液中40g、160g和320g,铁屑与活性炭体积比均为1:1时,降解率依次为31.8%、51.9%和72.8%.对比实验及动力学分析表明:联用体系中超声波(US)和铁-炭微电解对苯酚降解具有明显的协同作用,协同因子E=5.12,且降解过程符合假一级动力学规律,并根据降解速率常数随各影响因素的变化关系确定了宏观动力学模型.     

包埋固定化微生物厌氧反应器启动特性研究

为克服难降解废水厌氧微生物反应器启动初期生物易流失和启动过程缓慢的缺点,将厌氧絮状污泥进行固定化包埋作为厌氧反应器的接种污泥处理有毒难降解的PTA废水,同时考察固定化细菌在厌氧反应器启动过程中的变化特性.结果表明,经过136 d的运行,反应器在COD有机负荷为3 kg.(m3.d)-1,水力停留时间为3~4 d的运行条件下,PTA废水的COD去除率可以达到75%~85%,且系统具有比较好的稳定性和生物量保持能力.另一方面,胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化、产甲烷菌DNA特异性扩增和包埋颗粒的扫描电镜观察结果表明,虽然包埋载体在一定程度上限制了传质速度,但包埋颗粒中的厌氧微生物在微生物相和数量上都仍有显著的变化和增长.     

耕地复种指数研究的国内外进展

耕地是维系粮食安全的重要资源,复种指数是耕地的一个重要属性。论文从复种指数提取方法、复种指数应用以及复种指数潜力三个方面,对国内外在复种指数领域的研究进展及其特点进行了总结归纳,发现遥感技术在复种指数的提取中发挥着重要的作用,复种指数的应用呈现了多元化的趋势,而复种指数潜力也存在着由定性向定量化发展的趋势。未来,复种指数提取方法的改进、复种指数的动态机制以及影响复种指数提高的原因分析等将成为重要的研究内容。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

生态足迹理论在能源消费评价中的缺陷与改进探讨

生态足迹从生物生产力的角度定量测度人类消费活动对生态环境的综合性影响,是目前应用范围最广、关注程度最高的可持续发展评价方法,具有简明易懂、便于操作、易与其他指标结合等优点。论文在总结国内外主要研究成果与进展的基础上,针对现有评价结果较为悲观、难以真实反映人类消费对生态环境影响等问题,系统归纳和分析了生态足迹理论在能源消费评价中的5项缺陷:①参数选取面临两难;②度量标准存在矛盾;③互斥假设有违事实;④研究内容涵盖不全;⑤评价结果部分失真。据此提出了有针对性的改进建议,并认为前三项缺陷必须尽快修正,后两项缺陷需要逐步克服。还应通过学科交叉引入更多经济社会指标进行综合判断,以促进区域可持续发展评价这一系统性工程的不断完善。